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History of the Projector

we eat, breathe, and live presentations. We also acknowledge that our unusual lifestyles would never have existed without the projector: The Mother of All Presentations. Let’s pay our respects by learning a bit more about the projector.


An Ancient History

Projecting images onto a larger surface is an old trick; the first known instance of this was recorded in a drawing by Johannes de Fontana in 1420. In which, a nun holds a lantern with a small translucent window that projects an image of a devil. Leonardo da Vinci also drew a similar device, later known as a magic lantern, in 1515.

But who invented the actual, official magic lantern? And when? To find out the truth, you will need a time machine and a boxing ring to let all of these potential inventors fight it out:

Pierre Fournier – 1515, France

Giovanni Battista della Porta – 1589, Italy

Athansius Kircher – 1646, Germany

Christiaan Huygens – 1659, Holland

Thomas Rasmusser Walgenstein – 1660, Denmark

Claude Millet – 1674, France

These early projectors were often used for devious purposes, nicknamed “lantern of fright” because they were adopted by magicians to “summon ghosts” or appear in two places at once. Not exactly the stuffy tools of boardrooms we use today.

Getting Civilized

In the late 1800s, magic lanterns using oil lamps began to be adopted by photographers, lecturers, and the general public rather than the spooky magician crowd.  They were also wisely renamed “opaque projectors.” As time progressed, incandescent light bulbs with halogen lamps took the place of outdated light sources. These opaque projectors (as we know) were great teaching tools. For example, Chicago’s public school system had around 8,000 opaque projectors by the end of World War I.

Overhead projectors eventually replaced the opaque projector. In World War II, soldiers were trained from presentations using a version of an overhead projector. Through the 50s and 60s, schools, businesses, and even police departments relied on overhead projectors to share information.

Our Fancy Future

Overhead projectors evolved into multimedia projectors when digital images took over in the 20th century. On May 22nd, 1990, Microsoft launched a slide-based presentation computer program. We know it today as our beloved PowerPoint, though it was originally called “Presenter” by developer Dennis Austin.

The goal of PowerPoint was to have a number of pages or “slides” that could represent the transparencies used in an overhead projector. It was more efficient than other forms of visual aid such as whiteboards or chalkboards, and served many kinds of audiences and presentation needs. The projector game had changed forever, signaling the end of overhead projectors and physical slide sheets.

Today you can buy portable, wireless, and digital projectors for less than you might spend on a good pair of jeans. However, we still tip our hats to the projectors of yesteryear, and all the ingenuity it took to create them.

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Want a job? Here’s some conflicting advice!

In lecture halls around the world, university departments and organizations with names like “Employment Soon!” are hosting career panels, presumably with the goal of making graduate students and postdocs freak out. They invite a handful of gainfully employed scientists, give them microphones, and then let the arbitrary information flow.

The audience includes trainees who may have never technically held a job in science, despite having worked in academic labs for a decade or more. They’re all looking for the magical job market formula, the secret tip that will cause the offers to roll in. They may also be looking for bagels.

You can tell who the most panicked students are, because they frantically scribble every word a panelist or presenter says, as if waiting for them to whisper, “Format your CV in 11-point Arial Rounded MT Bold. That’s what they want to see.”

“But what about line spacing? What line spacing?”

“1.15.”

“I KNEW IT.”

If they’re not panicked when they enter the seminar room, they’re certainly panicked when they leave—because the advice is never straightforward, rarely general, and often contradictory.

At a job panel I attended this spring, one panelist warned that you should never connect with your interviewer on LinkedIn; it looks desperate. The students dutifully scribbled down this advice. Then it was the next panelist’s turn. She advised that you should definitely connect with your interviewer on LinkedIn—before the interview takes place, if possible. The scribbling stopped.

The panelists smiled at each other; this was going well. Meanwhile, I could hear the students’ brains: “Um ... can’t you just tell us how to get jobs?”

Here’s just a sampling of some of the other conflicting advice I’ve seen job panels offer.

    Dress formally vs. wear what you’d wear to work

We’re scientists. Our most important fashion accessories are the gloves that protect us from bacteria (or that protect the bacteria from us). No one advocates wearing sweatpants and a Jethro Tull T-shirt to a job interview, but at the same time, there’s a range of guidance on what to wear. A suit or just khakis and a nice shirt? Heels or flats? What makes me look like I’m trying too hard, and what makes me look like I’m not trying hard enough? We’d like to think that no one cares, but it’s “all part of the package,” as they say.

I once witnessed a discussion of a scientist’s job interview that factored in her purse. Because it was an expensive purse, apparently, the interviewers concluded that she was capable of doing the work but probably wouldn’t want to.

The best fashion accessory for you to bring to a job interview, then, is obviously a necklace with a long chain. Hold it up in front of your interviewers and let it swing gently back and forth. Once the hypnosis has taken hold say, “I am wearing exactly what you want me to be wearing.”

    Be personable vs. be serious

If you’re not serious, you’re not ready to perform science at a high level. But if you’re not jokey and jovial, you’re not someone with whom your potential co-workers will want to interact. If you’re either more serious or more personable than your future colleagues, they may feel threatened. And if you’re serious one moment and personable the next, then they’ll wonder, “What is wrong with this weirdo?”

    Be confident vs. be humble

Every recommendation for being successful in life contains some variant of “Be confident.” Look people in the eye. Don’t hedge. Don’t apologize. Step on your interviewer’s foot and say, “Yeah, I’ve got solid feet. WHAT.” But you also don’t want your confidence to make people wonder whether you’ll never admit to being wrong. I once interviewed an extremely confident man who said, “I’ve got a lot of great ideas, but I’m not going to give you all of them unless I get the job.” He then proceeded to tell me one idea for free, and it was one of the stupidest ideas I’d ever heard.

    Ask about salary vs. act like money is not important to you

The most awkward part of any job interview is the part you want to know the most: whether they check your internet browsing history. Just kidding, it’s the salary discussion—yet you can make it through multiple rounds of interviews with no information about the job’s salary beyond what you glean from hearsay and guesswork. Does asking about it make you look practical, or does it communicate that you’re focused on the wrong thing? It’s especially frustrating because a lot of nonscience jobs declare their pay scales outright, while a lot of science jobs withhold the information. And if there’s anything scientists love, it’s using numbers to make decisions.

    Negotiate your salary vs. that’s not done

If you’ve never negotiated a salary before, you may be picturing something like haggling inside a spice hut in Marrakech, Morocco—with bargains, concessions, and at least three or four repetitions of the phrase “It’s a good price.” In reality, every company is different. Some hiring managers will laugh and high-five each other after you leave the room if you accept their first offer, while others will simply shrug at you and say, “That’s what the job pays.”

    Talk about outside interests vs. pretend you have none

No one wants to hire a scientist who only cares about science. But no one wants to hire a scientist who spends all of her or his time in lab writing an Appalachian banjo blog. (Then again, I don’t think anyone wants to interact with a person who spends all their time writing an Appalachian banjo blog.) And sometimes, the guidance falls somewhere in the middle: Talk about outside activities, but show that each one somehow complements your science. “Where do I plan my experimental protocols?” you might say. “Well, I usually get my best ideas while paragliding.”

    Embrace your graduate research vs. pretend you’re better than that

Those with graduate degrees have a special challenge: You’ve spent the last several years working on a project, and you can probably describe that project with unique commitment and thoroughness. By discussing your graduate research at length, you’re showing that you can become an expert on a given topic and generate data. But if you talk about your graduate research too much, your potential employer will see you as a permanent graduate student, not someone ready to take the next step. In other words, graduate school has set you up to fail. Yay graduate school.

    Don’t show too much interest vs. don’t show too little interest

“I want this job, but I don’t need it,” your attitude should convey, when in reality you want it, need it, and would likely put on a koala costume and dance the Macarena if it meant you’d get health insurance. (Twenty years ago, I actually had a job that required me to put on a koala costume and dance the Macarena. It did not include health insurance.) This conflict highlights the most exasperating aspect of finding a job: All of the power is with the hirers. They can indulge their whims, while you have to court and coddle them as though they may flip out at any moment, like you would with a psychotic codependent lover—or a normal toddler.

Of course no piece of advice works for all jobs, or all job seekers. But do job panels really have to be as tone-deaf and insensitive to their audiences as they sometimes are? It’s as if the moment we get jobs, we forget what it was like on the other side of the table, and we feel we can give any old instructions because they’ll all be fine.

Maybe the reason for the conflicting advice is that there isn’t one right answer, and all we know is what worked for us. Panelists want to feel helpful, so if one of them wore blue to a successful interview, he or she will recommend wearing blue.

So when you attend a science job panel, take everything with a grain of salt. Listen to the panel’s recommendations, and then use your own judgment to parse the unhelpful bits. Because one of the worst things you can do is to let the panel’s contradictory ideas stymie you until you’re trapped endlessly formatting and reformatting your CV based on the last suggestion you heard.for more info, check out avant career